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Proto-Indo-European refers to the reconstructed ancestor language common to all Indo-European languages. It is therefore primarily a linguistic concept, not an ethnic, social or cultural one, and there is no direct evidence of the nature of Proto-Indo-European 'society'. Much depends on the unsettled Indo-European homeland debate as to where and when this common ancestor language was spoken. All interpretations of whatever aspects this society may have had, thus including all those reported here, are therefore only inferences, not established facts, using three main approaches. *Some interpretations are based on archaeology, but those rest on the assumption that one of the homeland hypotheses is in fact correct. *Another approach uses the comparative analysis of historically known societies speaking languages of the Indo-European family; it, too, is widely seen as questionable, including even the principal tenet, the Trifunctional hypothesis. *Linguistic reconstruction can identify words (those cited *thus on this page, with a preceding asterisk) which formed part of the vocabulary of the Proto-Indo-European language. These are reconstructed on the basis of sound laws, which however, are not paralleled by any 'meaning laws'. Exactly what these terms may have referred to at the stage of Proto-Indo-European is therefore less certain. The technique of inferring culture from such reconstructions, known as linguistic palaeontology, is thus open to criticism, and the same word often has multiple different interpretations. What follows in this page are interpretations based only on the assumption of the Kurgan hypothesis of Indo-European origins, and are by no means universally accepted. ==Societal structure== Whether these people regarded themselves as a linguistic or ethnic community cannot be known, nor by which name they may have referred to themselves. Linguistics has allowed the reliable reconstruction of a large number of words relating to kinship relations. These all agree in exhibiting a patriarchal, patrilocal and patrilineal social fabric. Patrilocality is confirmed by lexical evidence, including the word *', "to lead (away)", being the word that denotes a male wedding a female (but not vice versa). It is also the dominant pattern in historical IE societies, and matrilocality would be unlikely in a patrilineal society. Inferences have been made for sacral kingship, suggesting the tribal chief at the same time assumed the role of high priest. Georges Dumézil suggested for Proto-Indo-European society a threefold division of a clerical class, a warrior class and a class of farmers or husbandmen, on his interpretations that many historically known groups speaking Indo-European languages show such a division, but Dumézil's approach has been widely criticised. If there was a separate class of warriors, it probably consisted of single young men. They would have followed a separate warrior code unacceptable in the society outside their peer-group. Traces of initiation rites in several Indo-European societies (e.g. early Slav, Germanic Neuri and their lupine ritualism) suggest that this group identified itself with wolves or dogs (see Berserker, Werewolf, Wild Hunt). The people were organized in settlements (; Sanskrit ''viś'' "village"; Ancient Greek ''woikos'' "home"; Latin ''vicus''; Old English (Germanic borrowing from Latin) ''wic'' "dairy farm"), probably each with its chief (—Sanskrit ''rājan'', Latin ''rex'', ''reg-'', Gaulish ''-riks''). These settlements or villages were further divided in households (; Latin ''domus''), each headed by a patriarch (; Ancient Greek , Sanskrit ). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Proto-Indo-European society」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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